 | |
| Complete information about artwork |
| |
|
|
|
| rating art |
|
|
|
| to do options |
|
|
| information |
|
|
| Name | | Russian imperior Nikolai II |
| Price, USD | | 28000.00 |
| Status | | For sale, check |
| Seller | | Russian Art Gallery |
| Size, cm
| | 150.0 x 2500.0 cm /switch |
| Artist | | Nikolai SCHURIGIN |
| Year made | | 2003-01-01 |
| Edition | | Original |
| Style | |
Classicism |
| Theme | |
History |
| Portrait |
| Media | |
Oil on canvas |
| Collection | |
History of Russia |
| Golden names of Russia 3 |
| Description | |
Íèêîëàé II Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷- ïîñëåäíèé ðîññèéñêèé èìïåðàòîð - ïðàâèë ñ 1894 ãîäà ïî 1917 ãîä. Ñòàðøèé ñûí èìïåðàòîðà Àëåêñàíäðà III (1845-1894) è èìïåðàòðèöû Ìàðèè Ôåäîðîâíû (1847-1928). Áûë æåíàò (1894) íà íåìåöêîé ïðèíöåññå Àëèñå-Âèêòîðèè-Åëåíå-Ëóèçå-Áåàòðèñå Ãåññåí-Äàðìøòàäñêîé (1872-1918), ïîñëå ïðèíÿòèÿ ïðàâîñëàâèÿ ïîëó÷èâøåé èìÿ Àëåêñàíäðû Ôåäîðîâíû. Îò ýòîãî áðàêà áûëî 5 äåòåé: äî÷åðè - Îëüãà (1895-1918), Òàòüÿíà (1897-1918), Ìàðèÿ (1899-1918) è Àíàñòàñèÿ (1901-1918); ñûí - öåñàðåâè÷, íàñëåäíèê ïðåñòîëà Àëåêñåé (1904-1918).
Ðåãóëÿðíûå äîìàøíèå çàíÿòèÿ Íèêîëàÿ íà÷àëèñü, êîãäà åìó èñïîëíèëîñü 8 ëåò. Àëåêñàíäð III è Ìàðèÿ Ôåäîðîâíà ñàìè ïîäáèðàëè ó÷èòåëåé è íàñòàâíèêîâ.  èõ ÷èñëå áûëè ó÷åíûå, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå è âîåííûå äåÿòåëè: Ê. Ï. Ïîáåäîíîñöåâ, Í. Õ. Áóíãå, Ì. È. Äðàãîìèðîâ, Í. Í. Îáðó÷åâ, À. Ð. Äðåíòåëüí, Í. Ê. Ãèðñ.
C ðàííèõ ëåò Íèêîëàé èñïûòûâàë òÿãó ê âîåííîìó äåëó. Ñðàçó æå ïîñëå ðîæäåíèÿ îí áûë çà÷èñëåí â ñïèñêè íåñêîëüêèõ ãâàðäåéñêèõ ïîëêîâ.  1884 Íèêîëàé ïîñòóïèë íà äåéñòâèòåëüíóþ âîåííóþ ñëóæáó, â èþëå 1887 ïðèñòóïèë ê ðåãóëÿðíîé âîåííîé ñëóæáå â Ïðåîáðàæåíñêîì ïîëêó.
20 îêòÿáðÿ 1894, â 26 ëåò, ïðèíÿë êîðîíó â Ìîñêâå ïîä èìåíåì Íèêîëàÿ II. 18 ìàÿ 1896 âî âðåìÿ êîðîíàöèîííûõ òîðæåñòâ ïðîèçîøëè òðàãè÷åñêèå ñîáûòèÿ íà Õîäûíñêîì ïîëå. Åãî ïðàâëåíèå ïðèøëîñü íà ïåðèîä ðåçêîãî îáîñòðåíèÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîé áîðüáû â ñòðàíå, à òàêæå âíåøíåïîëèòè÷åñêîé ñèòóàöèè (Ðóññêî-ÿïîíñêàÿ âîéíà 1904-1905; Êðîâàâîå âîñêðåñåíüå; Ðåâîëþöèÿ 1905-1907 â Ðîññèè ; Ïåðâàÿ ìèðîâàÿ âîéíà; Ôåâðàëüñêàÿ ðåâîëþöèÿ 1917).
 ïåðèîä öàðñòâîâàíèÿ Íèêîëàÿ Ðîññèÿ ïðåâðàùàëàñü â àãðàðíî-èíäóñòðèàëüíóþ ñòðàíó, ðîñëè ãîðîäà, ñòðîèëèñü æåëåçíûå äîðîãè, ïðîìûøëåííûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ. Íèêîëàé ïîääåðæèâàë ðåøåíèÿ, íàöåëåííûå íà ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ è ñîöèàëüíóþ ìîäåðíèçàöèþ ñòðàíû: ââåäåíèå çîëîòîãî îáðàùåíèÿ ðóáëÿ, ñòîëûïèíñêóþ àãðàðíóþ ðåôîðìó, çàêîíû î ñòðàõîâàíèè ðàáî÷èõ, âñåîáùåì íà÷àëüíîì îáðàçîâàíèè, âåðîòåðïèìîñòè.
Íå áóäó÷è ïî íàòóðå ðåôîðìàòîðîì, Íèêîëàé áûë âûíóæäåí ïðèíèìàòü âàæíûå ðåøåíèÿ, êîòîðûå íå ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëè åãî âíóòðåííèì óáåæäåíèÿì. Îí ñ÷èòàë, ÷òî â Ðîññèè åùå íå íàñòóïèëî âðåìÿ äëÿ êîíñòèòóöèè, ñâîáîäû ñëîâà, âñåîáùåãî èçáèðàòåëüíîãî ïðàâà. Îäíàêî, êîãäà âîçíèêëî ñèëüíîå îáùåñòâåííîå äâèæåíèå â ïîëüçó ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé, îí ïîäïèñàë Ìàíèôåñò 17 îêòÿáðÿ 1905, ïðîâîçãëàøàâøèé äåìîêðàòè÷åñêèå ñâîáîäû.
 1906 íà÷àëà ðàáîòàòü ó÷ðåæäåííàÿ öàðñêèì ìàíèôåñòîì Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ äóìà. Ðîññèÿ ïîñòåïåííî íà÷àëà ïðåîáðàçîâûâàòüñÿ â êîíñòèòóöèîííóþ ìîíàðõèþ. Íî èìïåðàòîð ïî-ïðåæíåìó èìåë ïðàâî èçäàâàòü çàêîíû (â ôîðìå óêàçîâ); íàçíà÷àòü ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðà è ìèíèñòðîâ, ïîäîò÷åòíûõ ëèøü åìó; îïðåäåëÿòü êóðñ âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè; áûë ãëàâîé àðìèè, ñóäà è çåìíûì ïîêðîâèòåëåì Ðóññêîé Ïðàâîñëàâíîé Öåðêâè.
Ëè÷íîñòü Íèêîëàÿ II, îñíîâíûå ÷åðòû åãî õàðàêòåðà, äîñòîèíñòâà è íåäîñòàòêè âûçûâàëè ïðîòèâîðå÷èâûå îöåíêè ñîâðåìåííèêîâ.  îòëè÷èå îò ñâîåãî îòöà Àëåêñàíäðà III Íèêîëàé íå ïðîèçâîäèë âïå÷àòëåíèÿ ñèëüíîé ëè÷íîñòè. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, ïî îòçûâàì áëèçêî çíàâøèõ åãî ëþäåé, îí îáëàäàë èñêëþ÷èòåëüíûì ñàìîîáëàäàíèåì, êîòîðîå èíîãäà âîñïðèíèìàëîñü êàê áåçðàçëè÷èå ê ñóäüáàì ñòðàíû è ëþäåé.  çàíÿòèÿõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûìè äåëàìè öàðü ïðîÿâëÿë "íåîáûêíîâåííóþ óñèä÷èâîñòü" è àêêóðàòíîñòü, õîòÿ â öåëîì ïðàâëåíèå îãðîìíîé èìïåðèåé áûëî äëÿ íåãî "òÿæêîé îáóçîé". Ñîâðåìåííèêè îòìå÷àëè, ÷òî Íèêîëàé îáëàäàë öåïêîé ïàìÿòüþ, îñòðîé íàáëþäàòåëüíîñòüþ, áûë ñêðîìíûì, ïðèâåòëèâûì è ÷óòêèì ÷åëîâåêîì. Ïðè ýòîì áîëüøå âñåãî îí äîðîæèë ñâîèì ïîêîåì, ïðèâû÷êàìè, çäîðîâüåì è îñîáåííî áëàãîïîëó÷èåì ñâîåé ñåìüè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà åãî ãëàâíîé îïîðîé.
Èìïåðàòðèöà Àëåêñàíäðà Ôåäîðîâíà áûëà äëÿ öàðÿ íå òîëüêî æåíîé, íî è äðóãîì, ñîâåò÷èêîì. Ïðèâû÷êè, ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ è êóëüòóðíûå èíòåðåñû ñóïðóãîâ âî ìíîãîì ñîâïàäàëè. Ðîêîâàÿ äðàìà öàðñêîé ñåìüè áûëà ñâÿçàíà ñ íåèçëå÷èìûì íåäóãîì ñûíà Àëåêñåÿ - ãåìîôèëèåé (íåñâåðòûâàåìîñòüþ êðîâè). Áîëåçíü îáóñëîâèëà ïîÿâëåíèå â öàðñêîì äîìå Ãðèãîðèÿ Ðàñïóòèíà, êîòîðûé ñëàâèëñÿ äàðîì ïðåäâèäåíèÿ è âðà÷åâàíèÿ; îí íåîäíîêðàòíî ïîìîãàë Àëåêñåþ ïîáîðîòü ïðèñòóïû áîëåçíè.
Ïåðåëîìíûì ðóáåæîì â ñóäüáå Íèêîëàÿ ñòàë 1914 ãîä - íà÷àëî Ïåðâîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû. Öàðü íå õîòåë âîéíû è äî ñàìîãî ïîñëåäíåãî ìîìåíòà ïûòàëñÿ èçáåæàòü êðîâàâîãî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ. Îäíàêî 19 èþëÿ (1 àâãóñòà) 1914 Ãåðìàíèÿ îáúÿâèëà âîéíó Ðîññèè.
 àâãóñòå 1915, â ïåðèîä âîåííûõ íåóäà÷, Íèêîëàé ïðèíÿë íà ñåáÿ âîåííîå êîìàíäîâàíèå (ðàíåå ýòó äîëæíîñòü èñïîëíÿë âåëèêèé êíÿçü Íèêîëàé Íèêîëàåâè÷ (Ìëàäøèé)). Òåïåðü öàðü áîëüøóþ æå ÷àñòü âðåìåíè ïðîâîäèë â ñòàâêå Âåðõîâíîãî ãëàâíîêîìàíäóþùåãî â Ìîãèëåâå.
Âîéíà îáîñòðèëà âíóòðåííèå ïðîáëåìû ñòðàíû. Íà öàðÿ è åãî îêðóæåíèå ñòàëè âîçëàãàòü ãëàâíóþ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà âîåííûå íåóäà÷è è çàòÿíóâøóþñÿ âîåííóþ êàìïàíèþ. Ðàñïðîñòðàíèëèñü óòâåðæäåíèÿ, ÷òî â ïðàâèòåëüñòâå "ãíåçäèòñÿ èçìåíà".  íà÷àëå 1917 âûñøåå âîåííîå êîìàíäîâàíèå âî ãëàâå ñ öàðåì (ñîâìåñòíî ñ ñîþçíèêàìè - Àíãëèåé è Ôðàíöèåé) ïîäãîòîâèëî ïëàí ãåíåðàëüíîãî íàñòóïëåíèÿ, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîìó íàìå÷àëîñü îêîí÷èòü âîéíó ê ëåòó 1917.
 êîíöå ôåâðàëÿ 1917 â Ïåòðîãðàäå íà÷àëèñü âîëíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå, ïåðåðîñëè â ìàññîâûå âûñòóïëåíèÿ ïðîòèâ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà è äèíàñòèè. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî öàðü íàìåðåâàëñÿ ñèëîé íàâåñòè ïîðÿäîê â Ïåòðîãðàäå, íî êîãäà âûÿñíèëñÿ ìàñøòàá áåñïîðÿäêîâ, îòêàçàëñÿ îò ýòîé ìûñëè, îïàñàÿñü áîëüøîãî êðîâîïðîëèòèÿ. Öàðÿ óáåäèëè â òîì, ÷òî äëÿ óìèðîòâîðåíèÿ ñòðàíû òðåáóåòñÿ ïåðåìåíà ïðàâëåíèÿ. 2 ìàðòà 1917 â Ïñêîâå, â ñàëîí-âàãîíå èìïåðàòîðñêîãî ïîåçäà, ïîñëå ìó÷èòåëüíûõ ðàçäóìèé Íèêîëàé ïîäïèñàë àêò îòðå÷åíèÿ îò ïðåñòîëà, ïåðåäàâ âëàñòü ñâîåìó áðàòó âåëèêîìó êíÿçþ Ìèõàèëó Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷ó, êîòîðûé íå ïðèíÿë êîðîíó.
9 ìàðòà Íèêîëàé è öàðñêàÿ ñåìüÿ áûëè àðåñòîâàíû. Ïåðâûå ïÿòü ìåñÿöåâ îíè íàõîäèëèñü ïîä îõðàíîé â Öàðñêîì Ñåëå, â àâãóñòå 1917 èõ ïåðåïðàâèëè â Òîáîëüñê.  àïðåëå 1918 áîëüøåâèêè ïåðåâåëè Ðîìàíîâûõ â Åêàòåðèíáóðã.  íî÷ü íà 17 èþëÿ 1918 â öåíòðå Åêàòåðèíáóðãà, â ïîäâàëå äîìà Èïàòüåâà, ãäå óçíèêè íàõîäèëèñü â çàòî÷åíèè, Íèêîëàé, öàðèöà, ïÿòåðî èõ äåòåé è íåñêîëüêî ïðèáëèæåííûõ (âñåãî 11 ÷åëîâåê) áûëè áåç ñóäà è ñëåäñòâèÿ ðàññòðåëÿíû.
Ïîñëå ìíîãîëåòíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé îñòàíêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ ïîä Åêàòåðèíáóðãîì, â 1997 ã. â Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîì ñîáîðå Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà áûëî ñîâåðøåíî èõ òîðæåñòâåííîå çàõîðîíåíèå.  2000 Íèêîëàé II è ÷ëåíû åãî ñåìüè áûëè êàíîíèçèðîâàíû Ðóññêîé Ïðàâîñëàâíîé öåðêîâüþ. |
|
| fragments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
| |
| Artist Nikolai SCHURIGIN |
|
Nikolai Shuryghin.
August 18, 1957 born in the town of Kimry.
1980 graduated from the Stroganov Art College in Moscow.
Exhibitions:
1987 Exhibitions t... |
| see all about artist |
|
|
| see in full album |
|
| Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Sell my Art Online
| Art Links
)
see all details ... 
mark as favorite 
